In the event of a large-scale emergency, DHS assumes primary responsibility for ensuring that response professionals are prepared. The request process then proceeds similarly from the county to the state to the federal government as additional resource needs are identified. When a local government has exhausted its resources, it then requests specific additional resources from the county level. Within the United States, the responsibility for natural disaster planning and response follows a progression in which responsibility first falls on local governments. The DHS administered the plan when in came into effect in December 2004. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which was formed following the September 11 attacks, absorbed FEMA when it was established in 2003. By 1996, FEMA developed a guide for individual states to develop individual Emergency Operation Plans known as the Guide for All Hazards Emergency Operations Planning. These emergencies could occur at fixed nuclear facilities or during the transportation of radioactive materials, mishaps with nuclear weapons at military research facilities, satellites returning to earth, or terrorist attacks.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and FEMA prepared a plan outlining the federal government's response for peacetime radiological emergencies within the U.S. In 1996 the Federal Radiological Emergency Response Plan (FRERP) was signed into law.
In October 1994, the Stafford Act was amended to incorporate most of the former Civil Defense Act of 1950. Clinton elevated Witt to a cabinet-level position, giving the Director access to the President. Witt substantially changed FEMA to adopt an all-hazards approach to emergency planning. President Bill Clinton appointed James Lee Witt as the head of FEMA in 1992. The federal government helped state and local officials protect public health and the environment in the event of a hazardous material release or emergency through the NCP. In 1980, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, more commonly known as "Superfund," further expanded the scope of the NCP to include emergency removal actions at hazardous waste sites and required regulated facilities to submit contingency plans. The NCP, in existence since 1968, was initially a blueprint for responding to oil spills, but was expanded to include hazardous materials in 1972 with the passing of the Clean Water Act. The FRP brought together multiple organizations to assist states with disaster preparedness and response and was augmented by the National Contingency Plan (NCP) through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Also, the Stafford Act authorized the Director of FEMA to prepare a Federal Response Plan (FRP). The Stafford Act established a system of federal assistance to state and local governments and required all states to prepare individual Emergency Operations Plans. In 1988 the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act became law. FEMA was first charged to absorb emergency response duties from multiple agencies with disjointed plans. No comprehensive plan for federal emergency response existed until 1979, when President Jimmy Carter signed an executive order creating the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). For about the next 150 years, the federal government took a reactive role in emergency response until passing the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950. The federal government first actively engaged in emergency management by passing the Congressional Relief Act of 1803, which provided relief after a devastating fire in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It came into effect in December 2004, and was superseded by the National Response Framework on March 22, 2008. The National Response Plan ( NRP) was a United States national plan to respond to emergencies such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks.
1999 Festive Fifty: Living City Plan #48ġ.
A session from the band was also broadcast by Peel, but by the start of the new century the group had stopped releasing any new material and had moved on to other projects. Peel first played the band's Living City Plan in April 1999 and the track was quite popular with listeners who voted it in the Festive Fifty of that same year.
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